The Effects of Internet Addiction to Lifestyle and Dietary Behavior Free Essays

string(57) " dietary behavior were analyzed using a chi-square test\." Nutrition Research and Practice (Nutr Res Pract) 2010;4(1):51-57 DOI: 10. 4162/nrp. 2010. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Internet Addiction to Lifestyle and Dietary Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4. 1. 51 The effects of Internet addiction on the lifestyle and dietary behavior of Korean adolescents Yeonsoo Kim *, Jin Young Park *, Sung Byuk Kim , In-Kyung Jung , Yun Sook Lim and Jung-Hyun Kim 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 4 § School of Human Ecology, Nutrition and Dietetics Program, Louisiana Tech University, LA 71272 USA Graduate school of Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea 3 Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Seoul 110-793, Korea 4 Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Korea 5 Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea Abstract We performed this study to examine lifestyle patterns and dietary behavior based on the level of Internet addiction of Korean adolescents. Data were collected from 853 Korean junior high school students. The level of Internet addiction was determined based on the Korean Internet addiction self-scale short form for youth, and students were classified as high-risk Internet users, potential-risk Internet users, and no risk Internet users. The associations between the students’ levels of Internet addiction and lifestyle patterns and dietary behavior were analyzed using a chi-square test. You read "The Effects of Internet Addiction to Lifestyle and Dietary Behavior" in category "Papers" Irregular bedtimes and the use of alcohol and tobacco were higher in high-risk Internet users than no risk Internet users. Moreover, in high-risk Internet users, irregular dietary behavior due to the loss of appetite, a high frequency of skipping meals, and snacking might cause imbalances in nutritional intake. Diet quality in high-risk Internet users was also worse than in potential-risk Internet users and no risk Internet users. We demonstrated in this study that high-risk Internet users have inappropriate dietary behavior and poor diet quality, which could result in stunted growth and development. Therefore, nutrition education targeting high-risk Internet users should be conducted to ensure proper growth and development. Key Words: Internet addiction, dietary behavior, diet quality, adolescents Introduction8) The Internet has become an important tool for social interaction, information, and entertainment [1]. However, as the Internet has moved into homes, schools, Internet cafes, and businesses, the prevalence of Internet addiction has been increasing rapidly. Internet addiction is characterized as poorly controlled Internet use, and can lead to impulse-control disorders [2]. Recently, Internet addiction, especially among adolescents, has been recognized as an important social issue in various countries because of the high prevalence of depression, aggressive behavior, psychiatric symptoms, and interpersonal problems associated with this addiction [3,4]. The incidence of Internet addiction in adolescents was estimated to be approximately 11% in China [2], 8% in Greece [5], and 18. 4% in Korea [1]. Adolescents are more vulnerable to Internet addiction than adults, and the social performance, psychology, and lifestyle habits of Internet addicts can be affected by this addiction [6]. Numerous cross-sectional studies have shown that Internet addiction has an adverse effect on several lifestyle-related factors in adolescents; it can result in irregular dietary habits, extended periods of time spent on the Internet [7], physical inactivity, short duration of sleep [2], and increased use of alcohol and tobacco [2,8,9]. Some studies have reported that the change in lifestylerelated factors caused by heavy Internet use could have an adverse impact on the growth and development of Internet addicts [2,7]. Nutritional status also plays a crucial role in growth and development during adolescence. Several studies have shown that malnutrition or unbalanced nutritional intake can reduce weight gain and decrease leg length in adolescents [9,10]. Optimal nutrition is therefore important for adolescents to grow and develop properly. Moreover, once dietary habits are formed during childhood, they tend to be carried on throughout adulthood, thus teaching adolescents to develop healthy eating habits is of critical importance [11]. Numerous studies have showed associations between Internet addiction and mental health problems, such as depression and psychiatric symptoms, among adolescents. However, information on the effects of Internet addiction on the dietary behavior of * Yeonsoo Kim and Jin Young Park are Co-first authors.  § Corresponding Author: Jung-Hyun Kim, Tel. 82-2-820-5278, Fax. 82-2-817-7304, Email. jjhkim@cau. ac. kr Received: November 17, 2009, Revised: February 16, 2010, Accepted: February 16, 2010 ? 2010 The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons. rg/licenses/by-nc/3. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 52 The effect of Internet addiction on dietary behavior adolescents is limited. Therefore, in this study, we examined the dietary behavior of Korean adolescents according to their level of Internet addiction. income per month, and the education level of the parents. A lifesty le habit questionnaire assessed the regularity of bedtime, sleep disturbance, and the use of alcohol and tobacco. Dietary behaviors and diet quality The dietary behavior questionnaire assessed recent changes in meal size, appetite, eating speed, frequency and reasons for skipping meals, and the frequency, type, and reasons for snacking. Diet quality was assessed by a 10-item mini-dietary assessment index. The mini-dietary assessment index was used to assess overall dietary quality based on the 2005 Dietary Guidelines and Food Tower for Koreans [13]. This index includes four food groups that should be consumed, four food groups that limited amounts of should be consumed, and two items regarding varied and regular diet. Responses to food items of which sufficient amounts should be consumed were reported using a 5-point Likert scale where 1=seldom, 3=sometimes, and 5=always. Responses to food items of which limited quantities should be consumed were also reported using a 5-point Likert scale where 1=always, 3=sometimes, and 5=seldom. The maximum possible score for diet quality is 50. In this study, diet quality was defined as â€Å"good† if the total score was greater than or equal to 30 [14]. Statistical analyses All analyses were performed with a significance level of ? =0. 05 using the SPSS software package version 12. (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Relationships between levels of Internet addiction and socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle patterns, and dietary behavior were analyzed using the chi-square test. The relationship between dietary quality and level of Internet addiction based on the self-scale rating system were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s mul tiple range test for multiple comparisons. Subjects and Methods Subjects This cross-sectional study included 1,000 adolescents from grades 7 through 9 living in Seoul, Korea. Of 1,000 participants, 800 students were recruited from eight junior high schools. The remaining 200 subjects were recruited from the Korean Youth Counseling Institute (KYCI), where they had been diagnosed and were being treated as Internet addicts. The study was conducted from October 2008 to November 2008. The Institutional Review Board of Chung-Ang University (Seoul, Korea) deemed this study exempt from the requirement for informed consent. Of the 1,000 surveys administered and collected, 147 were excluded due to incomplete responses and difficulty in assessing the level of Internet addiction, thus a total of 853 samples were analyzed in this study. Korean Internet addiction test (KS scale) Internet addiction was evaluated using the Korean version of the Internet addiction self-scale short form (KS scale) for youth, which was developed by the Korea Agency for Digital Opportunity and Promotion [12]. In brief, the KS scale for adolescents is a 20-item self-report questionnaire, consisting of six core components: disturbance of daily routines, self-esteem, withdrawal, virtual interpersonal relationship, deviant behavior, and tolerance. Response to each question is on 4-point Likert scale where 1 corresponds to â€Å"not at all†, 2 corresponds to â€Å"sometimes†, 3 corresponds to â€Å"frequently†, and 4 corresponds to â€Å"always†. The level of Internet addiction was categorized as either high-risk, potential-risk, or no risk based on the total score and the score for the three components of disturbance of daily routines, withdrawal, and tolerance. Subjects were classified as high-risk Internet users if their total score was the same or greater than 52, and/or if the score for disturbance of daily routine, withdrawal, and tolerance was greater than 16, 10, and 12, respectively. Subjects were classified as potential-risk Internet users if their total score was greater than or equal to 48 and less than 52 and/or if their score for disturbance of daily routine, withdrawal, and tolerance was greater than 14, 9, and 11, respectively. Subjects were classified as no risk Internet users if their total score was less than 48. Subject characteristics and lifestyle patterns The following socio-demographic characteristics of subjects were used in this analysis: age at the time of recruitment, family Results General characteristics of subjects The general characteristics of the participants and the relationships between the level of Internet addiction and general characteristics are provided in Table 1. Subjects were between the ages of 13 and 15 years with a mean age of 14. 0 years. More boys were high-risk Internet users than girls (31. 4% vs. 14. 0%), and more girls were no risk Internet users than boys (74. 7% vs. 58. 9%). Younger adolescents were significantly more likely to be highrisk Internet users than older adolescents (P 0. 001). Household monthly income was significantly related to the level of Internet addiction; adolescents from households with a low monthly income ( 1,000 K won and 1,000 K-1,999 K won) were more likely to be high-risk Internet users (57. 5% and 31. 7%, respectively) Yeonsoo Kim et al. Table 1. Subject characteristics based on level of Internet addiction High risk (n=186) Gender Boys Girls Age (years) 13 14 15 Monthly income (Korean Won)2) 1,000K 1,000K-1,999K 2,000K-2,999K 3,000K-3,999K ? 4,000K 53 Potential risk (n=90) 37 (9. 7) 53 (11. 3) 15 (7. 0) 46 (14. 5) 29 (9. 0) 3 (7. 5) 15 (12. 5) 25 (15. 8) 14 (7. 7) 28 (10. ) 28 (9. 7) 37 (10. 5) 17 (15. 2) 1 (4. 8) 41 (10. 4) 31 (10. 1) 9 (17. 3) 3 (13. 1) No risk (n=577) 225 (58. 9) 352 (74. 7) 126 (59. 2) 213 (67. 2) 238 (73. 7) 14 (35. 0) 67 (55. 8) 98 (62. 0) 139 (76. 4) 205 (74. 3) 183 (63. 1) 254 (72. 2) 78 (69. 6) 8 (30. 1) 261 (66. 2) 220 (71. 9) 36 (69. 2) 9 (39. 1) Total (n=853) 382 (100. 0) 471 (100. 0) 213 (100. 0) 317 (100. 0) 3 23 (100. 0) 40 (100. 0) 120 (100. 0) 158 (100. 0) 182 (100. 0) 276 (100. 0) 290 (100. 0) 352 (100. 0) 112 (100. 0) 21 (100. 0) 394 (100. 0) 306 (100. 0) 52 (100. 0) 23 (100. 0) P-value 0. 001 120 (31. 4)1) 66 (14. 0) 72 (33. 8) 58 (18. 3) 56 (17. ) 23 (57. 5) 38 (31. 7) 35 (22. 2) 29 (15. 9) 43 (15. 6) 79 (27. 2) 61 (17. 3) 17 (15. 2) 12 (57. 1) 92 (22. 4) 55 (18. 0) 7 (13. 5) 11 (47. 8) 0. 001 0. 001 Father’s education High school graduate under College graduate Graduate school graduate Others Mother’s education High school graduate under College graduate Graduate school graduate Others 1) 0. 001 0. 008 N (%) 2) 1,250 Korean won = 1US dollar Table 2. KS-scale scores based on the level of Internet addiction Components Disturbance of daily routine Self-esteem Withdrawal Virtual interpersonal relationship Deviant behavior Tolerance Total 1) 2) Maximum score 24 4 16 12 8 16 80 High risk (n=186) 14. 97  ± 3. 21 1)a2) a a Potential risk (n=90) 13. 90  ± 3. 25 1. 69  ± 0. 84 4. 56  ± 1. 89 3. 93  ± 1. 46 8. 76  ± 2. 64 5. 22  ± 2. 21 b b c No risk (n=577) 9. 32  ± 2. 21 1. 32  ± 0. 61 5. 49  ± 1. 50 3. 78  ± 1. 41 2. 87  ± 1. 07 5. 90  ± 2. 04 c c Total (n=853) 11. 04  ± 3. 59 1. 60  ± 0. 85 6. 88  ± 2. 82 4. 62  ± 2. 58 3. 48  ± 1. 55 7. 23  ± 3. 07 34. 90  ± 11. 48 2. 41  ± 0. 94 7. 23  ± 2. 54 10. 56  ± 2. 59 5. 16  ± 1. 53 b c c c c a a a a b b b b 10. 61  ± 2. 97 50. 95  ± 8. 41 41. 06  ± 5. 29 28. 69  ± 6. 36 Mean  ± S. D Values with different superscript letters within a row are significantly different after Duncan’s multiple range test (P 0. 05). than adolescents from households with a higher monthly income. Adolescents from households with high monthly incomes (3,000K-3,999K won and ? 4,000K won) were more likely to be no risk Internet users (76. 4% and 74. 3%, respectively). Parents’ educational status also affected the level of Internet addiction. High-risk Internet users had parents whose highest level of education was high school graduation or less (27. 2% in father and 22. 4% in mother, respectively). In contrast, a high proportion of no risk Internet users had parents who were college graduates (72. 2% in father and 71. 9% in mother, respectively). KS-scale score The total KS-scale score and the scores of the six components of the KS-scale are presented in Table 2. High-risk Internet users had significantly higher total KS-scale scores and scores for the six main components than potential-risk Internet users and no risk Internet users (P 0. 05). Lifestyle patterns Lifestyle patterns, including bedtime, sleep disturbance, alcohol use, and tobacco use according to the level of Internet addiction are shown in Table 3. No risk Internet users had regular bedtime patterns (10. 4% always had a regular bedtime and 41. 8% often had a regular bedtime) while high-risk Internet users complained of irregular bedtime patterns (13. 6% reported often irregular bedtimes and 11. 4% reported always irregular bedtimes). Both high- and potential-risk Internet users suffered from sleep disturbances (81. 1% and 76. 7%, respectively). Similarly, 66% of 54 The effect of Internet addiction on dietary behavior Table 5. Snacking patterns based on the level of Internet addiction P-value Skipping breakfast 20 (10. 9)1) 15 (16. ) 49 (26. 6) 60 (10. 4) 95 (11. 2) 0. 001 Yes No Skipping Lunch Yes No Skipping Dinner Yes No Oversleep No appetite Indigestion Snacking before a meal Weight loss Saving money Lack of time Habit Others ? 3 times/day Table 3. Lifestyle patterns based on the level of Internet addiction High risk (n=186) Bedtime Always regular Often regular 25 (27. 8) 241 (41. 8) 315 (37. 0) 30 (33. 3) 229 (39. 7) 328 ( 38. 5) 14 (15. 6) 6 (6. 7) 32 (5. 5) 15 (2. 6) 71 (8. 3) 42 (4. 9) Potential risk (n=90) No risk (n=577) Total (n=853) High risk (n=186) Potential risk (n=90) No risk (n=577) Total (n=853) P-value 0. 683 88 (47. 3) 1) 43 (48. 3) 228 (40. 1) 359 (42. 6) 46 (51. 7) 340 (59. 9) 484 (57. 4) 0. 177 6 (6. 8) 34 (6. 0) 56 (6. 7) 0. 049 98 (52. 7) 16 (8. 6) Neither regular or 69 (37. 5) irregular Often irregular Always irregular Sleep disturbance Yes No Alcohol use Yes No Tobacco use Yes No 1) 25 (13. 6) 21 (11. 4) 170 (91. 4) 82 (93. 2) 531 (94. 0) 783 (93. 3) 38 (20. 4) 15 (17. 1) 80 (14. 1) 133 (17. 0) 150 (81. 1) 69 (76. 7) 278 (48. 3) 497 (58. 4) 0. 001 35 (18. 9) 21 (23. 3) 298 (51. 7) 354 (41. 6) 148 (79. 6) 73 (82. 9) 486 (85. 9) 707 (82. 8) 49 (28. 3) 34 (19. 7) 6 (3. ) 8 (4. 6) 10 (5. 6) 2 (2. 9) 25 (14. 5) 18 (10. 4) 18 (10. 4) 29 (15. 8) 51 (27. 7) 86 (55. 5) 4 (2. 6) 21 (13. 5) 22 (26. 2) 112 (21. 3) 183 (23. 4) 20 (23. 8) 122 (23. 2) 176 (22. 5) 6 (7. 1) 5 (6. 0) 8 (9. 5) 0 (0. 0) 6 (7. 1) 7 (8. 3) 13 (14. 4) 29 (5. 5) 21 (4. 0) 38 (7. 2) 2 (0. 4) 40 (7. 6) 44 (8. 4) 55 (9. 7) 41 (5. 2) 34 (4. 3) 56 (7. 2) 7 (0. 9) 64 (8. 2) 69 (8. 8) 97 (11. 5) 0. 004 0. 026 Re asons for meal skipping 123 (66. 5) 58 (64. 4) 252 (43. 7) 433 (50. 8) 0. 001 62 (33. 5) 97 (52. 4) 88 (47. 6) 32 (35. 6) 325 (56. 3) 419 (49. 2) 28 (31. 1) 90 (15. 6) 215 (25. 2) 0. 01 62 (68. 9) 897 (84. 4) 637 (74. 8) N (%) Table 4. Recent changes in dietary habits based on the level of Internet addiction High risk (n=186) Changes in meal size Increased Decreased No change Changes in appetite Worse Bad No change Better Do not know Fast Average Slow Irregular 1) 10 (11. 9) 118 (22. 4) 153 (19. 5) Potential risk (n=90) No risk (n=577) Total (n=853) P-value Frequency of snacking 1-2/day 104 (56. 5) 65 (72. 2) 396 (69. 8) 565 (67. 2) 12 (13. 3) 116 (20. 5) 179 (21. 3) 50 (60. 2) 239 (47. 2) 375 (50. 4) 4 (4. 8) 8 (9. 6) 38 (7. 5) 46 (6. 2) 73 (14. 4) 102 (13. 7) 0. 245 4 (29. 0)1) 29 (32. 2) 164 (28. 6) 247 (29. 1) 62 (33. 3) 70 (37. 6) 25 (13. 4) 30 (16. 1) 72 (38. 7) 17 (9. 1) 42 (22. 6) 64 (34. 4) 71 (38. 2) 32 (17. 2) 19 (10. 2) 20 (22. 2) 127 (22. 2) 209 (24. 6) 41 (45. 6) 282 (49. 2) 393 (46. 3) 7 (7. 8) 11 (12. 2) 8 (8. 9) 21 (3. 7) 53 (6. 2) 0. 019 None Snack items Confectionery Soda 0. 001 80 (13. 9) 121 (14. 2) 78 (13. 6) 103 (12. 1) 43 (47. 8) 254 (44. 2) 369 (43. 4) 21 (23. 3) 142 (24. 7) 205 (24. 1) 37 (41. 1) 173 (30. 0) 274 (32. 2) 33 (36. 7) 271 (47. 0) 375 (44. 0) 11 (12. 2) 109 (18. 9) 152 (17. 8) 9 (10. 0) 23 (4. 0) 51 (6. 0) 0. 002 Ttokbokki, rameon, fried foods Fast foods Fruits Milk Others Hunger Lack of time for a meal Habit Boredom Social event Others 1) 12 (7. 7) 14 (9. 0) 15 (9. 7) 3 (1. 9) 86 (46. 7) 10 (5. 4) 28 (15. 2) 33 (17. 9) 17 (9. 2) 10 (5. 4) 3 (3. 6) 9 (10. 8) 8 (9. 6) 1 (1. 2) 26 (5. 1) 61 (12. 1) 55 (10. 9) 14 (2. 8) 41 (5. 5) 84 (11. 3) 78 (10. 5) 18 (2. 4) 0. 057 Changes in eating speed Reasons for snacking 46 (51. 1) 319 (55. 6) 451 (53. 2) 1 (1. 1) 22 (24. 4) 14 (15. 6) 5 (5. 6) 2 (2. 2) 30 (5. 2) 41 (4. 8) N (%) 79 (13. 8) 129 (15. 2) 98 (17. 1) 145 (17. 1) 34 (5. 9) 14 (2. 4) 56 (6. 6) 26 (3. 1) igh-risk Internet users and 64% of potential-risk Internet users had used alcohol. Fifty-two percent of high-risk Internet users had used tobacco while only 15. 6% of no risk Internet users had used tobacco. Dietary behavior and diet quality Recent changes in eating habits among adolescents are provided in Table 4. More of high-risk Internet users answered that their dietary habits had been chan ged to have small meal sizes, a poor appetite, and irregular eating speeds than no risk Internet users (P=0. 019, 0. 001, and 0. 002, respectively). High-risk Internet N (%) users had a high prevalence of skipping dinner (Table 5). High-risk Internet users snacked frequently, often snacking more than three times per day (15. 8% vs. 9. 7 % for no risk Internet users). Favorite snacks and reasons for snacking were not significantly different among adolescents based on levels of Internet addiction. Diet quality based on levels of Internet addiction is shown Yeonsoo Kim et al. Table 6. Diet quality based on the level of Internet addiction High risk (n=186) Potential risk (n=90) No risk (n=577) 3. 40  ± 1. 52b Total (n=853) 3. 25  ± 1. 58 1) 55 I eat more than one 2. 72  ± 1. 722)a3) 3. 36  ± 1. 36b serving of milk or dairy products every day. I eat several servings of meat, fish, egg, bean, or tofu every day. I eat vegetables and Kimchi every meal. I eat one serving of fruit or fruit juice every day. I eat three meals a day on a regular basis. I eat a variety of foods every day. I eat fried or stir-fried foods most of the time. I eat fatty meat most of the time. I add table salt or soy sauce to foods most of the time. I eat ice cream, cake, and/or drink soda between meals. Total 1) 2. 86  ± 1. 50a 3. 04  ± 1. 48a 3. 35  ± 1. 41b 3. 21  ± 1. 44 2. 83  ± 1. 63a 2. 91  ± 1. 69a 3. 11  ± 1. 48ab 3. 43  ± 1. 45b 3. 38  ± 1. 49b 3. 45  ± 1. 55b 3. 26  ± 1. 51 3. 32  ± 1. 9 2. 58  ± 1. 56a 2. 98  ± 1. 63b 3. 32  ± 1. 59c 3. 12  ± 1. 62 2. 86  ± 1. 60a 2. 85  ± 1. 57a 2. 98  ± 1. 48a 2. 78  ± 1. 42a 3. 38  ± 1. 45b 3. 35  ± 1. 45b 3. 16  ± 1. 42 3. 18  ± 1. 49 2. 72  ± 1. 50a 3. 26  ± 1. 67a 2. 73  ± 1. 50a 3. 07  ± 1. 59a 3. 28  ± 1. 56b 3. 53  ± 1. 52b 3. 10  ± 1. 58 3. 42  ± 1. 57 2. 80  ± 1. 72a 2. 80  ± 1. 50a 3. 29  ± 1. 54b 3. 13  ± 1. 59 28. 38  ± 6. 34a 30. 22  ± 6. 79b 33. 75  ± 6. 01c 32. 20  ± 6. 57 Diet quality was assessed by using 10-item mini-dietary assessment index developed by Kim [14]. Mean  ± SD 3) Values with different superscript letters within a row are significantly different (P 0. 5) after Duncan’s multiple range test. 2) in Table 6. The diet quality of high-risk Internet users was significantly lower than that of potential-risk Internet users and no risk Internet users, respectively (P 0. 05). Discussion In this study, we demonstrated that high-risk Internet users eat smaller meals, have less of an appetite, skip meals, and snack more than their potential-risk and normal-risk Internet user counterparts. Moreover, the diet quality of high-risk Internet users is poorer than that of potential-risk Internet users and no risk Internet users. The frequency of skipping dinner in high-risk Internet users was significantly higher than that in no risk Internet users. This finding is consistent with a study by Kim and Chun that reported a high incidence of meal skipping in Internet addicts [7]. The high frequency of skipping dinner could be related to snacking; more frequent snacking was observed in high-risk Internet users than no risk Internet users. Savige et al. also reported that adolescent heavy snackers skipped dinner more frequently than their non- or light-snacker adolescent counterparts [15]. Moreover, the favorite snacks of our participants were confectionery and fast food, which are nutritionally poor foods with high calories provided by fats and simple sugars but with few other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Thus high-risk Internet users have improper dietary behaviors that could impact their growth and development. The quality of the diet of high-risk Internet users as measured using a mini-dietary assessment index was poor. The mini-dietary assessment index that we used is a Korean version of the Healthy Eating Index in which scores over 30 indicate a good quality diet. In high-risk Internet users, the average total score was 28. 38, which indicates an â€Å"inappropriate† diet quality. High-risk Internet users had the lowest meal regularity score, reflected by a higher rate of skipping dinner in high-risk Internet users than no risk Internet users. Moreover, high-risk Internet users did not consume enough milk and dairy products, meat and fish, and fruits and vegetables compared with no risk Internet users. Proper intake of milk and dairy products as major sources of calcium during childhood is crucial for achieving optimal peak bone mass and maintaining and repairing bone tissue [16]. In addition, low consumption of fruits and vegetables in high-risk Internet users suggests low intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber in these individuals. Vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in energy production, maintenance of bone health, adequate immune function, and protection against oxidative stress [17,18]. Several studies have shown that proper fruit and vegetable intake can prevent health problems such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases [19-21]. High-risk Internet users not only consumed too little of the recommended food groups; they consumed more than the recommended daily quantities of fatty foods, fried foods, salt, and foods high in simple sugars. High fat and simple sugar intake increase the chance of being overweight or obese. Obese children and adolescents can have various adverse health outcomes, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome [22-24]. Furthermore, obese children have a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality when they reach adulthood [22,23]. The diet of high-risk Internet users, though it may meet their energy requirements, is lacking in nutritional value, and may therefore not support the growth spurt during adolescence and may cause nutrition-related health problems. High-risk Internet users drank and smoked more and had a poorer quality diet and higher frequency of meal skipping than no risk Internet users. Results from two cross-sectional studies on Korean high school students [8] and Taiwanese high school students [2] found a strong association between Internet addiction and high use of alcohol and tobacco. Alcohol and tobacco companies use the Internet to promote and advertise their products by using themes and icons of youth popular culture, games and contests, and commercially-sponsored websites and homepages [25]. Therefore, because high-risk Internet users are more likely to be exposed to tobacco and alcohol advertisements, 56 The effect of Internet addiction on dietary behavior 4. Seo M, Kang HS, Yom YH. Internet addiction and interpersonal problems in Korean adolescents. Comput Inform Nurs 2009;27: 226-33. 5. Siomos KE, Dafouli ED, Braimiotis DA, Mouzas OD, Angelopoulos NV. Internet addiction among Greek adolescent students. Cyberpsychol Behav 2008;11:653-7. 6. Ha JH, Kim SY, Bae SC, Bae S, Kim H, Sim M, Lyoo IK, Cho SC. Depression and Internet addiction in adolescents. Psychopa thology 2007;40:424-30. 7. Kim JS, Chun BC. Association of Internet addiction with health promotion lifestyle profile and perceived health status in adolescents. J Prev Med Public Health 2005;38:53-60. 8. Choi K, Son H, Park M, Han J, Kim K, Lee B, Gwak H. Internet overuse and excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents. Psychiatry Clin Neuosci 2009;63:455-62. 9. Gunnell DJ, Smith GD, Frankel SJ, Kemp M, Peters TJ. Socioeconomic and dietary influences on leg length and trunk length in childhood: a reanalysis of the Carnegie survey of diet and health in prewar Britain (1937-1939). Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1998;12:96-113. 10. Sachar RK, Singh H, Soni RK, Singh WP, Bhatia RC, Raizada N, Singh B. A cross-sectional study of growth parameters of rural adolescent girls of Punjab. Indian J Matern Child Health 1997;8:21-5. 11. Vadiveloo M, Zhu L, Quatromoni PA. Diet and physical activity patterns of school-aged children. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109: 145-51. 12. Kim DI, Chung YJ, Lee EA, Kim DM, Cho YM. Development of Internet addiction proneness scale-short form (KS scale). The Korean Jounal of Counseling 2008;9:1703-22. 13. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. Seoul: KokJin Co. ;2005. 14. Kim WY, Cho MS, Lee HS. Development and validation of mini dietary assessment index for Koreans. The Korean Journal of Nutrition 2003;36:83-92. 15. Savige G, Macfarlane A, Ball K, Worsley A, Crawford D. Snacking behaviors of adolescents and their association with skipping meals. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007;4:36. 16. Petrie HJ, Stover EA, Horswill CA. Nutritional concerns for the child and adolescent competitior. Nutrition 2004;20:620-31. 17. Wardlaw GM, Hampl JS. Perspectives in Nutrition. New York: McGraw-Hill International Co. ; 2007. p. 295-463. 18. Omenn GS. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) as cancerpreventive agents. IARC Sci Publ 1996;139:33-45. 19. Davis EM, Cullen KW, Watson KB, Konarik M, Radcliffe J. A fresh fruit and vegetable program improves high school students’ consumption of fresh produce. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109:1227-31. 20. Lorson BA, Melgar-Quinonez HR, Taylor CA. Correlates of fruit and vegetable intakes in US children. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109:474-8. 21. Miriran P, Noori N, Zavareh MB, Azizi F. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 2009;58:460-8. 22. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1650-6. 23. Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics they are more likely to drink and smoke than other Internet users. Furthermore, high frequency of use of tobacco and alcohol can exacerbate diet-related problems, because smoking and drinking are negatively associated with diet quality and dietary behaviors such as meal regularity [26,27]. High-risk Internet users reported more irregular sleep patterns and more episodes of sleep disturbance than no risk Internet users. This is consistent with a previous study of Korean adolescents that showed that Internet addiction was associated with insomnia, apnea, and nightmare [8]. In addition, sleep disturbance could increase the risk of mental health problems as well as substance abuse [6,28,29,30]. Hence, high-risk Internet users are more likely to experience physical and mental health problems. This study has some limitations. First, this study was a cross-sectional study, therefore we could not confirm causal associations between Internet addiction and dietary behavior. Second, the questionnaire was self-reported. It is therefore possible that some of the adolescents may not have admitted to using alcohol and tobacco due to social restrictions, even though this study was anonymous. High-risk Korean adolescent Internet users had improper dietary behavior and a poorer diet quality than their no risk Internet counterparts. To ensure that the growth and development of high-risk Internet users is not adversely impacted, their diets should be supplemented with the nutrients that they are lacking. Interventions to improve both dietary behavior and treat Internet addiction may have synergistic health benefits. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that children should be educated as to what a balanced diet and optimum physical activity routine is to remain healthy and grow. Furthermore, the government should take an active role in designing and evaluating Internet addiction-related health intervention strategies. Given the likely adverse effects of Internet addiction on adolescents’ development because of poor dietary behavior, it is critical to raise awareness about Internet addiction. Close attention should be paid to students at risk of Internet addiction, as well as students at low risk to prevent them from becoming addicted to the Internet. References 1. Tsitsika A, Critselis E, Kormas G, Filippopoulou A, Tounissidou, Freskou A, Spiliopoulou T, Louizou A, Konstantoulaki E, Kafetzis D. Internet use and misuse: a multivariate regression analysis of the predictive factors of Internet use among Greek adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 2009;168:655-65. 2. Lam LT, Peng ZW, Mai JC, Jing J. Factors associated with Internet addiction among adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav 2009; 12:1-5. 3. Ko CH, Yen JY, Liu SC, Huang CF, Yen CF. The associations between aggressive behaviors and Internet addiction and online activities in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2009;44:598-605. Yeonsoo Kim et al. 1999;103:1175-82. 24. Kim HM, Park J, Kim HS, Kim DH, Park SH. Obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean children and adolescents aged 10-18 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998 and 2001. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164: 787-93. 25. Levy JA, Strombeck R. Health benefits and risks of the Internet. Journal of Medical Systems 2002;6:495-510. 26. Strine TW, Okoro CA, Chapman DP, Balluz LS, Ford ES, Ajani UA, Mokdad AH. Health-related quality of life and health risk behaviors among smokers. Am J Prev Med 2005;28:182-7. 27. Teufel NI. Alcohol consumption and its effect on the dietary 57 patterns of Hualapai Indian women. Med Anthropol 1994;16:79-97. 28. Roane BM, Taylor DJ. Adolescent insomnia as a risk factor for early adult depression and substance abuse. Sleep 2008;31:1351-6. 29. Yen JY, Ko CH, Yen CF, Wu HY, Yang MJ. The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. J Adolesc Health 2007;41:93-8. 30. Yen CF, Ko CH, Yen JY, Chang YP, Cheng CP. Multidimensional discriminative factors for Internet addiction among adolescents regarding gender and age. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009;63:357-64. How to cite The Effects of Internet Addiction to Lifestyle and Dietary Behavior, Papers

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Lies Youve Been Told About Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics Grade 9

Lies You've Been Told About Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics Grade 9 Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics Grade 9 With Juliet being his only child left, he'd have liked her to have a joyful life with an adequate man and a good living. It doesn't need to end this manner. If any individual engages in consensual sex before that age, they've committed a crime, irrespective of how close in age the parties are. Someone has already think of an altruistic method to encourage folks to get outdoors, it's called geocaching and you may even do it on your mobile phone. We hope you'll come across a great deal of useful here. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. Consult your students to research the history of the theatrical chorus. Top Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics Grade 9 Secrets Here each word represents a complete picture. In case you have any doubts that you're able to manage the task and perform this up to the mark play it safe and request our professional assistance! As a way to analyze the prologue, it's important to understand its purpose and format, the denotation of each word and the way the words create the significance of the piece for a whole. She therefore decides to get assistance from the Friar. Approaching the close of the scene Romeo finds Juliet. Romeo feels he can't live without Juliet. This would have averted the entire tragedy. This is only one of the several things that show how Romeo and Juliet's lives are different from each others. Romeo and Juliet There are a lot of aspects to work into the deaths of Romeo and Juliet that it's tough to pinpoint only one. To start with the hero would like to marry Juliet. These occurrences are due to fate. The results of the fight, actually, are terrible. Their deaths appear finally to terminate the feud. It's among the most curious truth about the character of Juliet. And the additional clues are simply ridiculous. Finally, the characters understand they are controlled by their destiny and fate. Throughout the play Juliet appears to think that the only method to fix her problems is to kill herself. Moreover, this is exposed when he makes the decision to fight Tybalt instead of Romeo, who doesn't desire to. Romeo challenged several of the male gender roles for this moment. And don't forget, too cheap doesn't necessarily mean good! Romeo consents to stick to this advice. If his purpose is to encourage individuals to explore and experience nature then the true presence of the treasure defeats the goal. Overall, quite a stellar career and one I mean to research and relish the remainder of my life. It's been acted many more times since then in various stages all around the world. But on account of their unequal social status society wasn't in favour of their affection to one an other. Using language and inner conflict is utilized to symbolize conflict in various ways. It is advised to look for the one which has a great reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical prices. Project Gutenberg believes the Court does not have any jurisdiction over the subject, but until the matter is resolved, it is going to comply. Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics Grade 9 Secrets The huge difference in language, particularly when they say just the identical thing, shows their character traits very prominently. By means of this story, individuals could discover the true meaning of love and the qualities of a perfect couple. The characters are also appealing since they are simple to relate to. A way to know the character of Mercutio is to examine his name. Dreams often play a significant role in Shakespearean dramas. Love manifests itself in a large number of methods in the play. The Rise of Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics Grade 9 Let's ignore the simple fact that there's an extremely modest lake named Turkey Lake near the summit. And this is the principal reason that we're providing photographers with this Luxury Honeymoon Tour. Moreover, currently, we've landed with our new custom made tour that's Luxury Honeymoon Tour. Like every other tour, we've made this one of a kind and interesting at the very same moment.

Writing Essays on Essay Topics From the Year of the Conquest

Writing Essays on Essay Topics From the Year of the ConquestWhen you want to write a persuasive essay on any topic, it is important to be able to choose essay topics that will make you stand out in the crowd. When you do this, you will have an essay that you can be proud of.The year of the conquest was during the time of the French King Philip the Fair. The following year was the year of the union of France and England. This event marked the beginning of the English rule in France.Essay topics that are chosen by historians and sociologists for their research are often rather bland and boring. However, when you are trying to write an essay on a topic such as this, you will find that your topic must be rich in information. Therefore, you will need to think of essay topics that you would like to research about.Even though England and France fought a war with each other in the year of the conquest, this did not mean that they were enemies. France wanted to remain a part of Europe and the English wanted to gain a foothold into the Americas. They started to fight each other for control of these territories. In addition, when they met, the battles that were fought were not at par with the battles that were fought in France.When you read historical accounts of this time period, you will learn about the English and French Kings as well as the leaders of the English and French nobility. You will learn how the war affected the people who were involved in the fighting, the soldiers in general, and the English and French citizens who were caught up in the battle.When you read the accounts of the English and French nobles who fought, you will find that they do not seem to hold a grudge against each other. In fact, when the English and French nobles were fighting each other, they were on good terms with each other. Therefore, you will find that they are friends even if they are not at war.After the French King Philip the Fair died, he allowed the Duke of Burgundy to become th e new King of France. The English and French nobility decided to come to terms with each other and form an alliance. This alliance led to the end of the war.When you write about essay topics such as this, you will learn about the history of England and France. You will learn about the names of the soldiers who fought in the war and you will also learn about how they may have treated each other.

The Good Topic for Essay Writing Diaries

The Good Topic for Essay Writing Diaries While an essay is a big project, there are lots of steps a student can take which will help break down the task into manageable pieces. Very often it becomes hard to choose a single topic either due to the many ideas in the student's head, or due to their complete absence. Although students face an array of academic challenges in school, learning how to compose a superb essay is typically among the most important hurdles. When you want an example written by means of a student check out our vast assortment of absolutely free student models. If you choose to make an outline, write your topic at the peak of the webpage. The topic is remodeling your house. Jot down all of the possible arguments which you can consider employing the overall topic as your guide. The multiple topics could possibly be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. The Demise of Good Topic for Essay Writing Essay writing can be rather a challenge. College application essay topics are a vital portion of an entertaining and compelling bit of writing. When you compose an essay, you should understand what you write about. Writing an excellent persuasive essay is not a simple job, however, it's achievable. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. In the end, review what you've written. Because the main goal of admission essays are to define yourself and why do you believe you are qualified for the admission, so make certain the topic best reflects your personality. The New Fuss About Good Topic for Essay Writing You see, the conventions of English essays are somewhat more formulaic than you may think and, in various ways, it can be as easy as counting to five. If you discover that you're not able to think of an essay topic all on your own, it can be useful to ask your instructor for aid. After which, it's going to be less difficu lt for you to start. Good Topic for Essay Writing Features Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tricky to discover. At our site you are going to be able to get the very best academic essay, which would definitely get you a superior grade, above all at an extremely inexpensive price. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's crucial to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the special area of study. If you're given the subject, you ought to think about the kind of paper that you need to produce. A Secret Weapon for Good Topic for Essay Writing Sometimes it is simpler to write the entire essay than just to select the topic if you care about the legalization of marijuana, that's a great topic for you to begin. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. You could have your topic assigned, or perhaps you be given free reign to write on the topic of your sel ection. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. Vital Pieces of Good Topic for Essay Writing When prior brainstorming is finished, you can begin drafting your essay. No matter the mission of the essay, be sure that you're interested in your topic. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Our writers have written papers on various topics, which means that your topic won't be a surprise in their opinion. The good thing is that if you buy essays online, you can find the opportunity to take a look at the prompts they use for argumentative essays that you could apply in your paper. You always intuitively understand as soon as an intriguing essay idea is really the very best idea for you. Essays are the best method to present one's opinion about any particular topic. An essay must be composed of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. It must be composed of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The Basic Principles of Good Topic for Essay Writing You Will be Able to Benefit From Beginning Right Away Use transition words to produce your text coherent and simple to read. If your essay is describing a process, including how to make a huge chocolate cake, make sure your paragraphs fall in the right purchase. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you may counter to your own points. It is not too easy to compose a fantastic topic sentence, but you are going to learn how to compose decent topic sentences for several essays. Good Topic for Essay Writing Options Take into consideration specific things you should avoid when introducing your paragraphs since they're useless and will stop you from getting major points across. If you're intent on figuring out how to write essay, bear in mind that one of the absolute most important things to keep in mind is the power of your very first sentence. You will discover that several of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any type of writing assignment. You ought to select the subject of your essay by paying attention to the sort of reader and your major objectiv es. As soon as it's very good to be confident of what you've written, additionally, it is important to find another opinion. Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you can want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. An excellent narrative topic sentence helps hold readers' interest by supplying a summary of the approaching paragraph. A topic sentence usually comes at the start of a particular paragraph and tells your intended audience precisely what the rest of it is about. Finding the Best Good Topic for Essay Writing Finally, however, remember that fantastic writing doesn't happen by accident. While you might have a notion which way you have to sail to be able to get to the island, if you don't know the best places to dig as soon as you get there, it can be a long and frustrating treasure hunt. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about somethi ng which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. In reality, topic sentence not only shows the vital idea but in addition uncover the info from the next part of the paper. You should think about a task to locate a theme not an issue but an opportunity and even a benefit. Pick a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make certain you know a lot about it! Selecting a topic is a critical issue that partly estimates final success of the job. An obvious topic or controlling idea makes it possible to keep your focus and supplies readers with the tools necessary to comprehend everything that you want to say.

Writing a Personal Essay

Writing a Personal EssayWriting a personal essay is an important and memorable event in any person's life. It can be a very awkward experience if you don't write one. But, it's all about the effort you put into it.First thing you need to do is get the assignment from the professor or the tutoring assistant. Make sure you get the assignment in writing. This makes it easier for you to complete the assignment. You don't have to make your paper on the computer. If you don't know how to do this, contact the professor or the tutor and ask them to send it by email.Second thing, do not rush the writing of the essay. It should be done with great care and attention. Take your time and write it well.Now that you know the basic steps to writing a personal essay, you can start to make a plan of what you want to say. This will help you organize your thoughts and enhance your writing skills.Make an outline. It is very important that you know the main points of your essay before you start writing it . You have to keep in mind that the outline must be of the same format as the paper that you are writing. If you use the outline properly, you will have the freedom to put your own twist on the main points. You may also choose a different word or phrase in the outline than the one that you used in the paper.Write for 15 minutes before you continue. This will give you the chance to practice the words and the format you have chosen for the paper. This will also help you see what you want to say clearly.Finally, write the essay. Be a writer! Don't take notes, just sit at the table, write the thoughts, ideas and themes that run through your mind and describe your experiences in your life, why it matters to you, how it matters to you and so on.

Remuneration in Western Australia

Remuneration in Western Australia Introduction In the modern business world, a lot of competition has been experienced in all industries of the global economies and business people have been required to adjust their activities to the changing environment. As competition intensifies, the need for qualified people has also increased and attracting and retaining professionals in an organization has been of great importance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Remuneration in Western Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The high rate of employee turnover being experienced today can only be reduced by adopting better strategies of retaining employees. Employee turnover causes failure of many systems in an organization and managers should try to protect their organizations by applying the best strategies of retaining their workers. Remuneration is one of the greatest elements of employee motivation that organizations use. However, human resources manager s are required to use a mixture of strategies to motivate their employees. Globalization has increased competition in the labour markets because skilled individuals can move to markets which provide better terms of employment. In this paper I will discuss the role remuneration plays in retaining staff in the expanding regional economy of Western Australia. Various theories on remuneration and employee motivation have been discussed to identify the strategies adopted by companies to retain their employees. Economy of Western Australia There have been steady growth in the economy of Western Australia and this has required many business entities to expand their operations. Western Australia contributes more than 38 percent of all the exports of Australia as per the 2009 statistics[1]. The high rate of economic growth is expected to have great pressure on the labour market because many people are required to work in all sectors of the economy. Resources available in the economy as well as the development projects being undertaken in Western Australia have provided a favourable environment for expanding business activities and this has intensified the demand for labour. Resources and construction sectors in the economy have created a high demand for labour and this has led to competition because every institution is seeking more workers. Adequate measures have been taken to reduce the shortage of labour and skills and to enable the state and the nation to tap the opportunities available[2].Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To balance demand and supply of labour in the country, the Department of Training and Workforce Development has developed strategies by aligning the workforce with the needs of the industry. Population demographics in the labour market of Western Australia indicate that most of the employees are aged 35[3] and there are projectio ns for an increase in the median age to approximately 45 years[4]. Birth rate in Western Australia has dropped and this indicates that population would reduce drastically in the future years. Workforce participation rate in Western Australia has been estimated to be above the average even though it has been predicted that the rate may decline in the near future. The increasing demand for labour which has been coupled by the demographic trends have created a situation where there is need for investing more time and resources to attract and retain professionals and skilled workforce[5]. In the global scene, changes in demographics, improved business growth and the increasing competition for professional employees have made it impossible for managers to predict as well as achieve an optimal staffing level. Competition for skilled workforce requires establishing good plans for attracting and retaining employees. To attract and retain the workforce of a given industry requires satisfying all the needs of employees. The governments of Australia have a mandate of ensuring that the employee is satisfied as far as the work environment is concerned. This is achieved through appropriate controls on the economy in addition to empowering employees with necessary infrastructure. Business entities have a role of creating terms and conditions which have monetary and non-monetary rewards with the aim of improving the level of satisfaction of employees at the workplace[6]. There are several challenges facing the government, industries and organizations as they strive to attract and retain employees in Western Australia. Remuneration strategies adopted by any organization must consider the living standards of the people in the country. Workers face the challenges of increasing cost of housing and other living expenses and this must be catered for in the remuneration packages provided by the employers. The price for a median house is approximately $822,000 in Karratha and $ 685,0 00 in Port Hedland. Renting a house per week would cost $3000 in resource towns and $350 per week for a single room[7]. Theories on remuneration Employees are motivated by both monetary and non-monetary factors within the organization. The monetary motivators are called the transactional motivation factors because the employees seek financial benefits from the work done. The non-monetary motivators are called the transformational motivators because the employees also seek non-financial aspects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Remuneration in Western Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both monetary and non-monetary motivational elements are applied by managers to attract and retain professionals and skilled individuals. Human resources management has been said to be a transactional process such that subordinates perform their duties because they have been promised monetary rewards. According to Greiner[8], th ese rewards may take the form of salaries or wages. Reward systems are used to attract, retain and motivate employees in an organization. Remuneration levels applied by organizations should satisfy the human needs of the employees. In addition, remuneration should also be felt fair by the employees by offering rewards that reflect the contribution of each employee. There are legal requirements that managers should adhere to when implementing any reward systems. On the other hand, any reward system should be affordable and aligned to the strategies of the organization[9]. According to ZÃ ¼gner and Ullrich[10] there are three levels of remuneration: fixed levels of payment, payment based on performance of individual employee and payment based on the results of the company. Fixed payments are made when the salary or wages of employees do not change unless when the employer implements a general pay hike. There are several factors such as the time an employee has worked with the company , skills, position, and other factors which determine the amount of salary paid to the employees. This system does not motivate workers because there are few incentives to improve job performance as well as retaining employees. This remuneration system does not offer employees with the opportunity to have better payment scales as their performance and productivity improves[11]. Firms that are able to motivate their employees have a lower rate of employee turnover and can retain the workforce for a longer period of time. Firms using a remuneration system that is based on the quality and quantity of work done are able to motivate their employees to work extra hard while encouraging them to work for a longer period with the company. Most companies use a combination of the two systems to encourage employees to improve their performance. Employees get feedback on their performance through this system because their performance determines their remuneration level. Employees tend to work fo r a longer period of time with a firm when they get positive feedback from their employers[12]. Some companies use remuneration systems which are based on the results obtained in a given period. There is a fixed remuneration level for all employees while bonuses are added according to the performance of the company in a given financial period. This system can be implemented in different ways such as selling shares to the employees. When the company has good performance, its reputation improves and share value increases and as a result, employees get a higher dividend level. This system has some risks to the employees because their remuneration is determined by their performance as well as external market factors[13]. Employers using this system do not motivate their employees to a greater extent compared to other methods of remuneration and therefore this system is not effective in retaining employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important for managers to conduct market analysis on the prevailing remuneration rates in the market to ensure they implement appropriate pay rates. An organization that provides a lower rate of payment than the market rate has the risk of losing its customers to competitors. With the free flow of information in the labour market, professionals compare the wage rates in the market and they tend to accept offers by companies with better terms. On the other hand, providing too high remuneration rates may not be healthy to the organization. An organization derives profits from the excess revenues obtained after subtracting operational costs. Bearing in mind that labour costs are operational expenses, increasing wage rates reduces the profits of a company. Managers must balance the wage rates provided by to their employees and the prevailing market conditions to ensure appropriate decisions are made[14]. Managers should conduct continuous job evaluation to ensure they get the best out of the employees. Evaluating employees determines the decisions on changing the wage rates. It is important that managers should adjust wage rates when employees improve their performance. A grading structure should be established in an organization to provide employees with a clear picture on their progress as they continue working with the organization. Grading structure helps employees improve their performance and motivates them to continue working for the organization because they have the hope for a better wage rate whenever their performance improves. Managers should consider internal and external market environments when setting the wage rates and pay structures[15]. Retaining employees requires motivating them at the workplace by the use of different aspects. Managers use both monetary and non-monetary reward incentives to motivate their employees. The monetary rewards include promotions, increment in wages, paid leaves, and hospital allowances among others. The non-mo netary rewards include thanksgiving for improvement in the workplace and recognition by the top management among others. The management encourages the workers to improve their performance when they create reward incentives within the organization. Reward incentives such as promotions and salary increment should be based on the quality of work done[16]. According to Bogardus[17], employees are not only motivated by the wages they receive from the organizations but are also motivated by many other factors within the environment of the organization. Performance-related pay improves the quality of the work done by the employees. Money is a motivator and increase in wages improves the performance of the employees. This system provides incentives to the employees to work hard to increase the total amount earned. Workers are more productive when their wages are determined by the individual efforts. Performance related system encourages employees to improve the quality of work done and also motivates employees to increase their productivity. Promotions within the organizations are done on the performance of the employees to encourage them work effectively and efficiently[18]. Fayol[19] suggested that money is a motivator and can be used to change the behavior of employees. He suggested that remuneration packages provided to employees should be attractive to motivate them. To ensure there is a balance between remuneration policies and available resources, Fayol suggested that managers should create wage systems which coincides with the resources of an organization. As such, managers have an obligation to provide remuneration scales which motivate employees and at the same time the organization is not deprived off its ability to operate[20]. In the modern business world, employees are seeking other motivational factors other than monetary benefits. Managers have the obligation of developing different motivational systems to encourage employees improve their performance. Traditionally, money was perceived as the major motivational tool in an organization but managers have come to realize that there are many factors which motivate employees. Therefore, an integrated system is important in an organization such that managers use a variety of motivational elements to improve performance. Bruce and Pepitone[21] suggested that there are two categories of motivational factors: Intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors refer to the inner feeling that a person has about the place of work. Extrinsic factors are the external factors which motivate an employee. Extrinsic factors include rewards, promotion, and recognition among others. Employees work harder when their welfare is put into consideration by their managers. Employees are motivated to work when they are made to realize that their work add value to the organization. When employees are provided the opportunity to take interest in their work, they improve performance and contribute willingly to the organizational goals[22]. In a capitalistic economic system the employees (owners of the labour factor of production) and the managers (owners of capital) are rivals and each of the party aims at maximizing his benefits from the other. The employees aim at getting the highest amount of wages possible from the organization. The management aims at obtaining the maximum output from the employees. The two groups are always against each other and the initiatives to engage employees are just but methods of promoting the goals of the management. Most of the initiatives to motivate employees have no monetary benefits to the employees[23]. Creating equilibrium in the labour market ensures that the employer and the employee are satisfied by the prevailing market conditions. Legal systems in a country are established to protect the interests of both the employer and the employee. Employees are protected from exploitation by the employer while the employers are protected from excess pres sure by the labour unions. To reduce conflicts on the remuneration system adopted in an organization, it is important for employers to engage employees in decision making process. In some cases, trade unions are involved in discussing the best rates for employees. Labour unions have been found to be effective in uniting employees and employers and in the making of collective decisions. Collective bargaining is important in modern business environment because it provides all parties with opportunities to express their ideas on the best decisions to be implemented. Collective bargaining encourages employees to continue working for an organization for a long period of time. A legal agreement is made during a collective bargaining process and both the employee and the employer have the mandate to adhere to the decisions made. The remuneration rates applied in an organization must be discussed in a collective agreement process to ensure fairness to all parties involved. The government ha s the mandate to intervene in situations where employers are likely to oppress employees[24]. Application of remuneration theories to the economy of Western Australia The declining population in Western Australia requires the government attracting people from other countries to work in the country. A lot of effort is required to retain the existing employees as a measure of reducing the deficiency. Retaining the existing number of employees will require the use of suitable remuneration packages for employees. Favourable remuneration should be applied to ensure professionals and skilled employees are retained. In addition to using money as a motivator, other non-monetary factors should be implemented to ensure that employees are attracted and retained at their place of work. Labour unions in the country should be encouraged to protect the welfare of employees. Solving conflicts between employees and employers will provide a good foundation for promoting the welfare of employees. Coll ective bargaining on the remunerations applied by organizations should be encouraged to avoid imposing decisions upon the employees. Through collective bargaining employees will have a stake in the decisions implemented in an organization. The increasing competition in the domestic and global markets requires the managers in the country to focus on establishing strategies which will provide competitive advantage. Globalization has changed the business environment and managers are supposed to take diversified strategies of motivating their employees. Globalization has been accompanied by an increase in competition in both domestic and global markets. This has forced managers to come up with better strategies to manage organizational resources to create competitive advantage as well as increase profitability against the highly competitive market environment. As globalization continues to take place in the local and global markets, managers are required to adopt better strategies to ma nage their workers[25]. As market conditions continue to change, there is increasing need to come with better human resource management policies about remuneration systems to maintain competitiveness in the global markets. The labour market has experienced a lot of changes because many organizations are operating in the global markets. Labor factor of production has become mobile and people can work in different countries. This has increased competition for skilled labour and there has been a great need to improve employee motivation. Reducing employee turnover in the current market conditions requires adopting better strategies when establishing remuneration systems of organizations in the country. Employees become loyal to an organization when they are motivated to work. Winning employee loyalty is an important aspect that organizations should focus on because skilled labour is becoming scarce in the country. Different reward systems are accepted by different labour markets and th is provides opportunities for managers to attract professionals from different countries. It is important for managers to understand the legal regulations established by different governments, especially when working in a multi-governmental environment[26]. Conclusion Remuneration provides workers with morale to improve their work and also motivates them to deliver according to the requirements of the job. Employees are motivated by monetary and non-monetary benefits. Motivation is the inner feeling that a worker develops to improve performance in the workplace. Countries have regulated remuneration systems adopted by organizations operating within their jurisdiction to protect the interests of both the employers and employees. In Western Australia, there has been a decline in the population and this has reduced the number of people available to provide labour in the country. Remuneration has been identified as a major factor that employers use to attract and retain professionals an d individuals with skills. Motivation helps attract and retain employees in an organization because workers are satisfied at the workplace when their needs are fulfilled. Providing better terms of payment should be a major concern for all employers because professionals and skilled workers will be attracted and retained in an organization when they are provided with good remuneration packages. The government in Western Australia should consider establishing legal systems which attract professionals from other countries to boost the workforce in the country. It is also recommended that apart from using attractive remuneration packages to employees, organization should focus on improving the overall welfare of employees by applying other non-monetary motivational elements. Bibliography Armstrong, Michael., Murlis, Helen and Group, Hay. Reward management: a handbook of remuneration strategy and practice. Kogan Page Publishers, 2007. ISBN 0749449861, 9780749449865 Australian Bureau of S tatistics 2010. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ Bogardus, Anne. PHR / SPHR Professional in Human Resources Certification Study Guide. John Wiley and Sons. 2009. 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Marilyn, Greiner Joy. Exemplary Public Libraries: Lessons in Leadership, Management, and Service. Libraries Unlimited, 2004.p. 12. John, Shields. Managing Employee Performance and Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne. 2007. p. 52. Christiane, ZÃ ¼gner and Ullrich, Stefan. Compensation and Remuneration. (GRIN Verlag, 2007, p. 2). ISBN 3638702200, 9783638702201. p. 2. Ibid Ibid Ibid Michael Armstrong., Murlis, Helen and Group, Hay. Reward management: a handbook of remuneration strategy and practice. Kogan Page Publishers, 2007. p. 8-9. ISBN 0749449861, 9780749449865 Ibid. Anne, Bogardus. PHR / SPHR Professional in Human Resources Certification Study Guide. John Wiley and Sons. 2009. ISBN 0470430966. Ibid. David, McClelland. C. Human motivation. CUP Archive, 1987. ISBN 0521369517. p. 16. Henri, Fayol and Iwrin, Gray. General and industrial management. (Trans. C Storrs). London: Pitman. 1987. P. 42. Ibid. Anne, Bruce and Pepitone, James. S. Motivating employees. McGraw-Hill Professional 1998. ISBN 0070718687. p. 8. Ibid. Lawler III, E. E., Mohrman, S. A., Benson, G. Jossey-Bass, (2001). Organizing for High Performance: Employee Involvement, Tqm, Reengineering, and Knowledge Management in the Fortune 1000: The CEO Report .p. 6. Kiely, Caisley T. Collective Bargaining. CCH New Zealand Limited, 2007. 80-99. ISBN 0864756348, 9780864756343. p 85. William, Cooke. N. Multinational companies and global human resource strategies. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. p. 32. George, Bohlander and Snell, Scott. Managing Human Resources. ISBN 0324593317, Cengage Learning, 2009. p. 15.